Long-Term Effects of School Bullying on Academic Achievement and Social Integration in Sexual and Gender Minority Populations: A Longitudinal Review

Abstract

Sexual minority groups (LGBTQ+) face significantly higher risks of bullying in school environments compared to their heterosexual peers, with negative effects potentially lasting into adulthood. This article systematically reviews nearly 20 years of long-term longitudinal research globally, integrating the Ecological Systems Theory and resilience perspective, to reveal the mechanisms through which school bullying affects the academic achievement and social integration of sexual minority groups. The study finds that bullying experiences exert long-term damage to academic and social functioning through three pathways: psychological trauma, social isolation, and resource deprivation, yet individual resilience and supportive environments can mitigate these negative impacts. Future research should focus on cultural differences, long-term evaluations of intervention policies, and the impact of intersectionality (such as race, class) on outcomes.